The Inequality Of Low Wage Workers - 1132 Words

Low-wage workers in America are not being afforded the basic labor protections that skilled workers enjoy. This neglect of low-wage workers is a personal trouble as much as it is a public issue. According to C. Wright Mills, troubles are personal problems that take place within the individual and their relations to others (1959). Issues, on the other hand, expand far beyond the individual’s personal characteristics and onto institutions in a particular historical time period (Mills 1959). Mills indicates that personal troubles can be easily detected by pointing at an individual’s characteristics, public issues on the other hand cannot be easily identified in that manner (1959). To develop a personal and social understanding if individual troubles and societal issues, Mills uses the sociological imagination (1959). Wage-labor, under the sociological imagination, can be identified as a socially constructed issue and not just an individual’s inability to be employed in something better. By looking at wage-labor in a narrow sense, it becomes easy to blame the individual for their troubles. Policies are then established to punish individuals and not the structural causes of their troubles. One way in which low-wage workers are punished for being in the situation that they are in is through neglecting them as a whole. The lack of safety mechanisms available for low-wage workers in the event of unemployment or underemployment, forces individuals to construct alternative modes ofShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Income Inequality1038 Words   |  5 PagesEquality is one of the biggest concerns in most societies. Independent of philosophy, culture, or religion, the society always care about this growing issue. Inequalities are shown in diverse ways by people’s position in the distribution of wealth or income but could also be related to other characteristics like having a disability, different ethnicity or background or gender. In the 2005 World Development Report elaborated by the World Bank, it is stated: â€Å"We now have considerable evidence thatRead MoreThe American Dream Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagespercent of the American society is making it impossible for th e lower class to hold on to hope for a better future. The richer are getting richer by remarkably increase profits. Yet, the lower class wages have either decrease in some sectors of employment or have remained stationary resulting in â€Å"income inequality. That is â€Å"†¦the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population† (inequality.org). Today it is even more evident that the lower class is stuck, unable to go nowhereRead MoreThe Impact Of National Minimum Wage On South Africa s Income Inequality Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact national minimum wage would have on South Africa’s income inequality should it be implemented. South Africa is still considered one of the countries which still consist of high income inequality. Economists argue that inequality is the most unavoidable part of the economic development and that it continues to increase in developing countries due to economic growth (Keeton, 2014). Inequality is a problem in countries such as South Africa, because it shifts the attention from bigger andRead MoreThe Income Inequality Gap Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesRecently, studies have shown that income inequality has many connections that have caused the gap in the United States. According to the research I found, income inequality is connected to corruption, trade, wages of workers, and education. The world income inequality had declined since the twentieth century according to the studies found (Clark). Corruption falls increasing on low income individuals more than higher income individuals. Additionally, the trade theory suggests that the free tradeRead MoreThe Labour Market Of The Uk1 625 Words   |  7 Pagesthe UK is a competitive environment. Workers and employers interact with eachother on a day-to-day basis, with employers competing to hire the best workers and employees competing to find the best work. The UK in particular has seen as increase in part-time jobs within the lower end of their labour market, with recent evidence citing the UK having a larger number of low-paid, part-time jobs compared to other developed countries. As a result of this increase of low-skill work, there has been a growingRead MoreThe Problem Of Income Inequality1159 Words   |  5 PagesIncome inequality is increasingly becoming a significant concern for many countries around the world. The income difference between the highly-educated, skilled, wealthy class and the poor, low to mid-skilled workers is growing larger and larger. In fact, the incomes of the rich are increasing significantly, while the low skilled workers’ incomes have been declining (The Economist,  "Wealth Without Workers†). According to The Economist, real median wages have been decreasing since 2000 in half ofRead MoreThe Inequality Of Income Inequality1229 Words   |  5 PagesIncome Inequality Income inequality has been a major concern around the world, and it mainly links to how economic metrics are distributed among individuals in a country. Economists generally categorise these metrics in wealth, income and consumption. Wilkinson and Picket (2009) showed in their studies that inequality has drawbacks that lead to social problems. This is because income inequality and wealth concentration can hinder or delay long term growth. In 2011, International Monetary Fund economistsRead MoreInequality : Inequality And Poverty1729 Words   |  7 Pages Inequality and poverty exist in our society because wealth and opportunity are inherited. If we all entered the world with an equal amount of resources, some would still rise above others but everyone would get the same chance to succeed in life. Since greed is one of the norms of our society, and wealth is passed from generation to generation, there will always be inequality and poverty. The system of wealth and inequality is actually pretty simple. It all boils down to a few things what youRead MoreGlobalization758 Words   |  4 Pagesmarkets  more efficient, increasing competition and spreading wealth more equally around the world. However, still many others assume that the costs associated with globalization outweigh the benefits, which has caused many problems. Growing income inequality and widening gap between richer and poorer are major problems seen in today’s world economy. In free international trade, the capital and the technology can flow across political bor ders. Redistribution of these resources will improve the efficiencyRead MoreThe Effects of Wealth Inequality in the U.S.1484 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Giovenco Political Science Inequality Paper 12-18-14 The Effects of Wealth Inequality in the United States Wealth inequality in the United States has grown tremendously since 1970. The United States continuously reveals higher rates of inequality as a result of perpetual support for free market capitalism. The high rates of wealth inequality cause the growing financial crisis to persist, lower socio-economic mobility, increase national poverty, and have adverse effects on health and

Goal Setting Theory Of Motivation Essay - 877 Words

Essay question: It is often claimed that goal-setting is a theory of motivation which works. Critically evaluate the evidence and discuss the extent to which it supports this claim. Introduction As element that drives the person to strive for the best within his or her own capacity, Guay et al. (2010) defined motivation as reasons that underlie behaviour. It is also interpreted by Huitt, W. (2011) cited Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981) as an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire, or want) that serves to activate or energize behaviour and give it direction. With that resonance, it is construed that Theory of Motivation is the conceptual representation that is applicable across many domains of behaviour and provides insights into why behaviour is initiated, maintained, directed and so forth, as per suggested by Graham and Weiner (1996). Under the umbrella of motivation theories, goal-setting is one of theory which lives up to its expectation. Locke and Latham (2006) suggested that goal-setting theory is a concept comprising the effectiveness of specific, difficult goals as well as generality of goal effects across people, tasks, countries, time spans and many more. It is interesting to fathom the validity of claim that goal-setting is effective and mostly engender positive results regardless of the different sources that are involved (Locke and Latham, 2006). Although goals are helmed as â€Å"key element in self-regulation† (p. 265), will theShow MoreRelatedGoal-Setting Theory of Motivation2104 Words   |  9 PagesJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, 2011 Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ABSTRACT Locke and Latham provide a well-developed goal-setting theory of motivation. The theory emphasizes the important relationship between goals and performance. Research supports predictions that the most effective performance seems to result when goals are specific and challenging, when they are used to evaluate performance and linkedRead MoreThe Goal Setting Theory Of Motivation1818 Words   |  8 PagesLocke put forth the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is fundamentally linked to task performance. It standardizes the idea that specific and challenging goals along with constructive feedback, contribute to enhanced task performance. Locke, one of the most notable contributors in goal setting theory, alongside Gary Latham have contributed to the history and evolution of goal setting while highlighting strengths and weaknesses of the theory in practice used byRead MoreMotivation Theory And The Goal Setting Theory1159 Words   |  5 Pages Essay 1 Content theories of motivation focus on the importance of work itself, challenges, growth opportunities and responsibilities that the work provides employees. Process theories of motivation focus on the cognitive processes that are part of employee’s decision making. It also deals with our thoughts and perceptions about our jobs. The decisions are made based on calculations of gains versus loses. Also, when it comes to process theories of motivation, how the work situation is perceivedRead MoreThe Goal Setting Theory for Employee Motivation1302 Words   |  6 PagesGoal setting theory can help motivate employees to do their job as managers can relate to Professor Edwin Locke goal theory. The underlying concept behind this theory is the belief that people’s goals play a vital part in deciding their behavior. People drive to satisfy these goals to help their emotions and desires. Goals guide people’s responses and actions. Goals command employee performance an d actions and this can call for action or feedback. The effort that individuals will exert in attemptingRead MoreGoal Setting Theory: Motivation, Stress, and Communication1278 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation, Stress, and Communication Motivation, Stress, and Communication Introduction Goal-setting has progressively become a prominent tool of performance utilized by individuals and business organizations. Companies attain their success by setting long and short-term targets which provide them with direction in productive channels economically. Some of the common attributed elements in goal setting include: sales, services, products, and customer relations in general. The setting of goalsRead MoreCompare and Contrast Expectancy and Goal Setting Theories of Work Motivation. Which Do You Find the More Useful and Why?1384 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast expectancy and goal setting theories of work motivation. Which do you find the more useful and why? Two of the best known approaches to work motivation are the expectancy theory introduced by Victor Vroom (1964) and the goal-setting theory introduced by Edwin A. Locke (1968). Both of these theories have garnered support from subsequent empirical research and have proved influential in how companies motivate their workers through incentive schemes and objective-setting exercises. As theirRead MoreBackground Of Id Medical Group1389 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand, motivation and engagement. The wellbeing is bound up flexibility, work-life balance, motivation, job-satisfaction and human research management. For this reason, the rank of giving something back and wellbeing is very high in 100 companies (high level means not good at about a topic). The two category have included a joint topic which is motivation. The company is not good at about motivation. Therefore, the company is not good financially. 3.0 Motivation and Theories 3.1 Motivation For motivationRead MoreHow Managers Motivate Employees And Helping Managers Keep Their Employees Motivation High Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation in the workplace has been a frequently discussed subject for at least a century. Whether an employee is doing paperwork behind a desk, helping to put together a car on a conveyor belt, or trying to make a sale, motivation is essential in their job. The reason behind this is simple enough- the more motivated an employee is the more work they tend to get done. However, it can be a struggle for managers to keep their workers motivated. This struggle has led to the development of numerousRead MoreEssay on Reinforcement Versus Goal Theory724 Words   |  3 PagesReinforcement versus Goal Theory Lorraine Patterson OMM 625 Learning Organizations amp; Effectiveness Professor Renee Hill January 30, 2012 According to Edwin Locke the goal setting theory is a tool used for motivation. The theory states that goal setting is linked to task performance. The goal states â€Å"specifically challenging employees while using feedback will contribute to a higher and better performance while completing a task.†(Pane, S) The idea of workingRead MoreEssay on Insight on the Motivation of Workers596 Words   |  3 PagesMotivation has always been a subject of much research over the last fifty years however there have been many definitions and theories describing and analysing motivation but the research is never complete. Right from Robert Owen who described human beings to be like machines that need care and maintenance to work efficiently till Drucker (1999) who described them as the knowledge workers of the 21st century with different needs and therefore on what it is required I would like to elaborate on the

Essay The Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines - 1390 Words

Although autonomy is such a highly sought after aspect of human life, there are times when it is overridden for the good of the person or for others around them. The question of whether autonomy is always the most important factor in determining the morality of an issue must be made. According to Fields, autonomy requires and allows a person to â€Å"comprehend the action to be taken, the alternatives, and the consequences,† which is what it does. Nonetheless, there are times when this extent of autonomy may be skewed by beliefs and ideas that may not be entirely accurate. For instance, in the past decade or so, there had been a widespread belief among opposers of mandatory vaccinations and vaccines in general that the MMR (measles, mumps,†¦show more content†¦This example is one that extends far and wide throughout America, due to McCarthy’s fame, and gives an accurate representation of how, at times, people are wrong. In other words, there are instances whe n doctors, experts, etc. are more qualified and know more about a particular matter as compared to a lay individual, therefore they should be given some leeway in determining what is best for themselves and their children. In light of the fact that those opposing mandatory vaccinations may be putting people at risk, there are many valid points that they make when arguing against the issue, besides just the loss of autonomy. The first, which is demonstrated rather well in the example of the autism and MMR vaccine scare, is that there are chances for adverse effects, or negative side-effects from the vaccines. A group of doctors from the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, describes in a resolution that calls for a â€Å" moratorium on all government mandated vaccines† and uses the likelihood of these adverse effects to support their preposition. Within their resolution, the doctors points out that as more and more people, school-children in this case, get vaccinat ed, the more cases of adverse effects will be seen. The example of hepatitis B is used in the resolution, stating that if only 1%Show MoreRelatedHpv Vaccine, The Cochrane Library, And Google Scholar1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe literature search for this review was conducted using several databases including CINAHL, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Search terms included â€Å" human papillomavirus vaccine†, â€Å" human papillomavirus†, â€Å"HPV†, â€Å" human papillomavirus safety and effectiveness†, â€Å"human papillomarvirus vaccination rates†, â€Å"HPV randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews†. Since licensure of the HPV vaccine in 2006, HPV vaccine coverage among US adolescents has increased but remains lowRead MoreVaccinating Children Is Safe And Effective Against Dangerous Diseases844 Words   |  4 PagesPro Argument: Vaccinating children is safe and effective against dangerous diseases. Until the development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796, inoculation using the live smallpox virus was the only way to protect people from the deadly disease. Those inoculated had a chance of contracting the full virus and potentially dying from the disease. When Edward Jenner discovered that he could use a similar disease found in cattle, he began the modern era of vaccination (The College of Physicians of PhiladelphiaRead MoreVaccines And Autism : A Tale Of Shifting Hypotheses905 Words   |  4 Pagesthe number of vaccines recommended by health care professionals and government agencies has increased rapidly since 1980. Furthermore, vaccines have also changed in how they are made, which is unknown or poorly understood by the general public. While reviewing the literature, this was shown in the article, â€Å"Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses†, by Gerber Offit (2009), where they discuss how vaccines have changed overtime. The authors state that today a single vaccine use uses lessRead MoreShould Religious Exemptions For Hpv Vaccination Are Allowed By The Law?1467 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies, for example, may feel uncomfortable vaccinating their children since animals are involved in the research and development of several vaccines, including the HPV vaccine. Individuals against animal testing, or recombinant DNA technology (Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine) Questions and Answers, 2006) could feel uneasy about the Gardasil vaccine as well (Gardasil 9, 2014). In addition, some fear that this policy will â€Å"promot[e] promiscuity† (Marsa, 2014). The law indirectly assumes thatRead MoreWhy Should Vaccinations Be Important? Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease. This is due to memory B cells. They have the capability to retain the antibodies that kill the disease. They remember what it is, so they detect it early, and destroy it once present. Another way to produce active immunity is vaccinations. Vaccines interact with t he immune system and often produce an immune response similar to that produced by the natural infectious creating memory B cells. Passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies produced by one human or animal to another. It providesRead MoreThe Opposing Viewpoints Of The Vaccination Of Children1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe driving force behind most pro-vaccine individuals is the protection of their children. When parents choose not to give their children vaccinations, it increases the chance of an outbreak of any of the above mentioned diseases. Without the implementation of vaccines, many of these easily-preventable diseases become possible epidemics.Vaccines are only given to children after a long and careful review by scientists, doctors, and healthcare professionals (Vaccines). The Centers for Disease ControlRead Morearguments against the flu vaccine1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Lethal Injection: A study of influenza vaccines Every fall season we hear the question; did you get your flu shot yet? It is supposed to protect you from that nasty flu virus that circulates our communities during the fall and winter months. But, did you know that in 2011 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Adverse Event Reporting Systems Website (AERS) reported 51 deaths caused by the flu vaccine in the United States (U.S.) (CDC,2012). According to National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC), as ofRead More Vaccinations Necessary to the Nation’s Youth Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesvariolation, which meant intentionally exposing a virus to create immunity. In 1976, Dr. Edward Jenner used this concept to create the first contemporary vaccine. He managed to do this by obtaining cowpox matter from the arm of a dairy previously infected with smallpox, and introduced the sample into the arm of a healthy young boy. Miraculously, the vaccine made the boy immune to smallpox, and just like that the modern medicine forever chan ged (Binski 10). Other medical professionals realized that introducingRead MoreBenefits And Risks Associated With Vaccinating Children1188 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This literature review discusses the benefits and risks associated with vaccinating children. The researcher collects five articles that were deemed appropriate for the topic and analyzed using databases and limitations. The articles were analyzed and categorized by the risks and benefits that may be discussed throughout the article. The findings showed what the researcher collected as important information from the five articles. For instance, vaccinations will prevent an estimated 322Read MoreH1N11606 Words   |  7 Pages(H1N1) anti-viral vaccine - specific or cocktail - with other large-scale antiviral vaccines - is provided by global drug manufacturers. The unanimous population of the population, well-maintained media (Swine flu crisis - H1N1 virus out of control. Cherie Blair, wife of ex-PM Tony Blair has swine flu. WHO warning: Killer virus can t be stopped! , etc.) forced governments from all over the world (some earlier, others later) to over-buy hundreds of millions of d oses of vaccine, even before completing

What Is Management - 2236 Words

An essay on ‘What is Management’ Management is both art and science. It is the art of making people more effective than they would have been without you. The science is in how you do that. There are four basic pillars: plan, organize, direct, and monitor. Management is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All organizations - business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. â€Å"Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards†¦show more content†¦When ever more than one person is engaged in working for a common goal, management is necessary. Whether it is a small business firm which may be engaged in trading or a large firm like Tata Iron amp; Steel, management is required everywhere irrespective of size or type of activity. 5. Management is a Group Activity: Management is very much less concerned with individual’s efforts. It is more concerned with groups. It involves the use of group effort to achieve predet ermined goal of management of ABC amp; Co. is good refers to a group of persons managing the enterprise. The main objectives of management are: 1. Getting Maximum Results with Minimum Efforts - The main objective of management is to secure maximum outputs with minimum efforts amp; resources. Management is basically concerned with thinking amp; utilizing human, material amp; financial resources in such a manner that would result in best combination. This combination results in reduction of various costs. 2. Increasing the Efficiency of factors of Production - Through proper utilization of various factors of production, their efficiency can be increased to a great extent which can be obtained by reducing spoilage, wastages and breakage of all kinds, this in turn leads to saving of time, effort and money which is essential for the growth amp; prosperity of the enterprise. 3. Maximum Prosperity for Employer amp; Employees - Management ensures smooth and coordinatedShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Management2223 Words   |  9 PagesAn essay on ‘What is Management’ Management is both art and science. It is the art of making people more effective than they would have been without you. The science is in how you do that. There are four basic pillars: plan, organize, direct, and monitor. Management  is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All organizations - business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the various efforts towardsRead MoreWhat Management Is3760 Words   |  16 PagesWhat Management Is Question 1 An ‘External Orientation’ rather than an ‘Inward Focus’ is useful in understanding the concept of value. Describe ‘Value Creation’ from the context of Low-Cost Airlines (No-Frill airlines). Compare it with how the Indian Railways creates value. Answer 1 Value creation is a term which cannot be defined / quantified specifically and measured accurately or attributed a particular definition. It has a distinct and broad view and originates from the customers point ofRead MoreWhat Management Is3774 Words   |  16 PagesWhat Management Is Question 1 An ‘External Orientation’ rather than an ‘Inward Focus’ is useful in understanding the concept of value. Describe ‘Value Creation’ from the context of Low-Cost Airlines (No-Frill airlines). Compare it with how the Indian Railways creates value. Answer 1 Value creation is a term which cannot be defined / quantified specifically and measured accurately or attributed a particular definition. It has a distinct and broad view and originates from the customers point of viewRead MoreWhat Is Business Management? Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesDefining the Discipline What is Business Management? Studying for a business and management studies degree allows us to develop a broad understanding of business organizations and provides us with subject-specific knowledge in areas such as marketing, customers, finance, operations, communication, information technology, business policies and strategies. What Jobs can you receive with a degree in Business Management? The business field has many choices because there are different types of businessesRead MoreWhat is Management? Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesEssay 1: What is Management? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role and function of management in society and the workforce and to look into how it is implemented. Three main questions will be discussed, outlining, †What is management? aWhat do managers do? And what skills do managers need?† We will define management as a profession, look into what managers undertake and deliver in their daily output of work, different levels of management, and what skills managers need in order to produceRead MoreWhat Is Operations Management?1534 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Operations Management? Operations Management is defined as how we deal with the design and management of products, processes, services and supply chains. It considers the acquisition, development, and utilization of resources that organizations need to deliver the goods and services their clients want. All of these steps are part of the strategic, tactical and operational levels. The strategic piece includes areas such as determining the size and location of manufacturing plants, decidingRead MoreWhat is Management in an Organization?900 Words   |  4 PagesManagement is important because it is important aspect of the success and achievement of an organization’s goals through a group of people. A skilled manager is not only capable of handling administrative activities, but is able to connect with and inspire their teammates in times of prosperity and times of change. In this essay, I begin by looking at the theoretical aspects of management and how it is a product of the relevant time period, before going into my own personality and background, andRead MoreWhat Is Performance Management?1203 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is performance management? After going through a process of developing and determining the mission, vision and values of an organisation, a strategy document is developed. In this document processes and systems are put in place to ensure that the company is on track. Every so often, usually annually, a review of the company’s performance is taken into account. This review encapsulates the performance of systems and the people operating within the systems. Performance management is a processRead MoreWhat Is Strategic Management1189 Words   |  5 PagesAnswer Strategic Management can be defined as the art and science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross-functional decision that enables an organization to achieve its objectives. As this definition implies, strategies management focuses on integrating management, marketing, finance/accounting, production/operations, research and development, and computer information systems to achieve organizational success but strategy must be closely aligned with purpose. Is this the process ofRead MoreWhat is Finance Management?1598 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is finance management? â€Å"Financial Management is the Operational Activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation.† by Joseph Massie. What is capital market? â€Å"Are places where companies which need long term finance can meet investor† (business study guide, p120) P1.1- Identify the sources of finance available to new business you have chosen. Every business needs finance of money to invest; there are a number of ways

Sociological Theory Construction of Social Orders

Question: Discuss about the Sociological Theory for Construction of Social Orders. Answer: Introduction: Medical sociology is usually referred to as the sub branch of sociology that explores and analyses the social causes and subsequent outcomes pertaining to health and illness (Cockerham, 2014). In this context mention may be made of the health status of individuals and populations that are not uniform and consistent thereby leads to inequity. The factors governing these disparities do not necessarily emanate from the genetic predispositions of the concerned person but is largely dependent upon factors impacted by the political and social forces of a nation, social and economic practices that drive necessary changes in conjunction with personal and environmental factors. These factors together constitute the social determinants of health that are characterized by conditions in which persons are born, grow, survive and attain old age which is further modulated by the distribution of money, resources and power at the global, national and local sectors (Pacquiao, 2016). Effective addressi ng of these social determinants of health is done by virtue of utilizing certain sociological theories and concepts for the sake of better understanding health and illness (Adler cutler, 2016). In the following sections discussions will be made with reference to two such sociological theories to gain an insight into the matter and in stating the discrepancies that occur between these two and the biomedical model for elucidating the social determinants of health. The complex arrays of influences of the social determinants of health assimilate and interact to steer the notable health inequities among people across the globe. Healthcare services are considered as social institutions that are accessed and acknowledged by people belonging to diverse socio-economic backgrounds throughout the world. Different socio-cultural groups of people perceive them differently. Moreover the sociological theories also render a newer dimension to explore these social determinants by examining the interaction between health and society (Rubin, 2016). Three major sociological theories namely the functionalist, conflict and interactionist theories are recognized to understand the underlying concepts of social determinants of health. The functionalist and interactionist theories may be further elaborated for explaining the key concepts and perspectives as put forward by eminent sociologists in erstwhile years. The functionalist theory considers society as a complex system of interrelated parts that are organized in a manner to maintain its stability. Alongside social stability, maintenance of consensus and solidarity is integral to the proposition of this theory. Societal institution comprising of family, education and economy serve crucial functions for operating the societal norms. Smooth functioning of society is dependent upon various factors that share the responsibility of controlling the factors that lead to sickness thereby limiting the performance of the societal functions effectively (Healy, 2014). Hence from the functionalist perspective the stability and functionality of the society is to be ensured through proper measures taken in terms of treating an ill patient. Sociologist Talcott Parsons depicted the behavior specific to a person who is recognized to be sick. The person who is suffering from an illness is under the obligation of recovering from his condition due to certain responsibilities entrusted on him or her in the outside world. In this regard professional assistance and appropriate therapeutic interventions are sought from competent authorities to account for harboring positive outcomes. This duty of aiming for recovery by the distressed person is termed as sick role and a person who do not invest in such activities are considered to be not sick. A greater purpose is served by acknowledging the treatment intervention and professional guidance for improved health. Therefore the physicians play an integral role to assess the health scenario of a person and suggest treatment modalities accordingly (Carl et al., 2011). In the functionalist perspective the constituent elements of the society comprising of societal norms, customs, traditions and institutions govern the functionality of the society. The normal stability of the society gets affected due to illness and is considered as deviance from the prevalent norms. Hence the medical professionals are under the obligation and entrusted with the responsibility of catering to the needs of these patients. Three versions of sick roles have been perceived by Parson that stated conditional, unconditional legitimate and illegitimate as the varied patterns. However exceptions to the sick role are observed in case of certain debilitating disorders such as that of Alzheimers disease that affects the older population mostly. These people are exempted from performing their social roles and are instead recommended to undergo care regime on a daily basis (Mouzelis, 2016). Hence the complex framework relevant to the functionalist theory considers each and every co mponents of the society for effective addressing of pertinent issues relevant to health and wellbeing. Another vital aspect of the sociological concepts is elucidated by means of the interactionist theory that puts adequate emphasis on the interaction and communication hosted between people of the communities in a societal set up that include the relationship between the physician and the patient within the periphery of a clinical setting. This theory considers study of the activities of individuals as these individuals are capable of co-creating the world through mutual interactions. Interaction carried on among persons help to develop and learn regarding the normal and acceptable behavioral norms that may be practiced in society. Human behavior is found to be vastly impacted through definitions and meanings that emanate out of social interactions with other that are originated and maintained subsequently (Rock, 2016). Holistic explanation of society is provided by this generalized approach of interactionism that considers everyday patterns of social interactions. According to this p erspective, patients are noted to actively seek treatment for their prevailing condition and therefore are considered not to be passive. The specific roles of doctors while in the medical profession are critically analyzed and scrutinized by this approach. The acquisition of specific knowledge, expertise and skills relevant to the practicing domain entitles them to gain respect and trust from subordinates, colleagues and the care recipients alike. The authority of the physicians allows the patients to keep faith in their advice and comply by their recommendations in the form of taking medications and receiving treatments. However deviation from this acceptable norm also occurs at times where the patients refuse to take medications or denounce to receive specific treatment (Downes, Rock McLaughlin, 2016). Presentation and construction of the self image is vital to the co-existence and definitions of situations through proper investigation. In this context the development of health and illness has also been attributed to social construction. Constructivist grounded theory is considered as a integral component of symbolic interactionism where both the researcher and participants share an interactive association coupled with mutual knowledge sharing. In this respect two terms of medicalization and demedicalization have been coined that are separate mechanisms that affect the provision of healthcare. Alteration of bad behavior to sick behavior is achieved by means of the process referred to as medicalization of deviance. Contrarily the normalization of the sick behavior is considered demedicalization. The issue of alcoholism may be cited as an example of medicalization where effective therapeutic interventions are vital to treat the condition (Vannini, 2016). Thus the issues pertinent to the society that have health implications as well may be explicitly understood through symbolic interactionism. In contrast to these sociological perspectives, the biomedical model of health and illness considers the physical or biological factors associated with the disease and illness. It is considered as a medical model of care in which followed by the physicians and the healthcare professionals that in turn is related to the diagnosis, cure and treatment modality specific to the disease prevalent in the patient. In this model, mental disorders are viewed as brain disorders and therefore effective pharmacological intervention is recommended to treat the condition. Research and dissemination of the psychotherapy is possible through this biomedical model (Rogers Pilgrim, 2014). Information and clinical discourse in relation to health is offered by means of this model where health is conceived as a state characterized by absence of disease. Moreover it lays adequate emphasis on the disease as the underlying factor that leads to illness rather than any other confounding factors. Hence eradicat ion and prevention of certain pathologic conditions is found to be directly dependent on effective diagnosis and availability of holistic treatment options (Deacon, 2013). Therefore the key principles and propositions with regards to the biomedical model and sociological theories differ widely in their fundamental approaches of perceiving the health and illness condition. The perceptions of health and illness are matters of concern to the sociologists and the professionals intimately associated with healthcare. The theories put forward by pioneers in sociology addresses the social determinants of health from the point of view of societal changes involving the participation and behaviors of the people responsible for fostering care services and those who receive the care offered. Empowerment carried out at the level of the people hold the capacity of transforming the lives of the concerned individuals through positive modifications in their lifestyle. A plethora of social, environment and economic factors determines the health that strives to offer health service delivery. Catering to the basic needs of the people in need is the primary agenda of the sociological theories. Therefore understanding of the health and illness may be achieved through studying them along with the biomedical model that follows a different approach. References Adler, N. E., Cutler, D. M. (2016). Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities. Carl, J., Baker, S., Robards, B., Scott, J., Hillman, W., Lawrence, G. (2011). Think sociology. Pearson Higher Education AU. Cockerham, W. C. (2014). Medical sociology. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(7), 846-861. Downes, D., Rock, P., McLaughlin, E. (2016). Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking. Oxford University Press. Healy, K. (2014). Social work theories in context: Creating frameworks for practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Mouzelis, N. P. (2016). Back to sociological theory: the construction of social orders. Springer. Pacquiao, D. F. (2016). Social Determinants of Health. Global Healthcare: Issues and Policies, 159. Rock, P. (2016). Making of symbolic interactionism. Springer. Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. (2014). A sociology of mental health and illness. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Rubin, I. L. (2016). Social Determinants of Health. In Health Care for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities across the Lifespan (pp. 1919-1932). Springer International Publishing. Vannini, P. (2016). Body/embodiment: Symbolic interaction and the sociology of the body. Routledge.

Plate Tectonics Essay Example For Students

Plate Tectonics Essay Plate TectonicsPrior to World War II, humans were conformed with the idea that the Earth and its continents had been basically unchanged since the beginning of time. A German meteorologist, Alfred Wegener observed that the coastlines of the seven continents could be fitted together almost perfectly like a jigsaw puzzle. If fitted together, the geological dating the land would match as well as other geological features. He believed that this was more than coincidence, which happened to be the belief at the time. By putting all the continents together, he formed a large landmass that he named Pangea. This would also explain the same fossils found on 2 continents, separated by large oceans. Although the continents fit together nicely, and it would solve many of the earths mysteries, people still rejected the idea that the continents moved for several reasons. Ignorance and strong religious beliefs played a part in this, but it was mainly rejected because of the lack of a good explanatio n for the movement of the continents. Wegeners theory for the movement of continents was called continental drift. This was not believable at the time because there was no way the continents could move through the rigid ocean floor. During WWII, people started to explore the ocean floor and discovered evidence that would prove Wegeners ideas about land movement. The most interesting feature of the ocean was the ridges running along the ocean floor. It was discovered that earthquakes were abundant along the ridges that let magma flow from them. The magma would flow out these ridges and push the Earth away from it. This sea floor spreading was how the continents had moved over millions of years. The earths crust is in mobile sections called plates, moved by the circulation of magma in a layer of the earth called the mantle. The moving and colliding of plates form many of todays landforms such as the Himalayan Mountains. They were formed when India moved into Asia, colliding and making the shores of India go underneath Asia. Although we have found much on plate tectonics, there are still some unanswered questions. The depths of the plates are still unknown. Scientists are still unsure on how the motion of the mantl e was initiated. There are many theories on how plate tectonics works and why the polarization of the Earth switches every million years but there have been no concrete facts. Plate tectonics needs to be explored more in order to solve much of the mysteries of the earth. It has already answered many questions about the geologic history. The moving plates, volcanoes, and faults explain much of the earths topography. If we come to a better understanding of plate tectonics, the evolution of different species of animals will become clearer to us. The history of plate tectonics will help us understand the past migrations of species and even early humans. Not only can studying plate tectonics help in understanding the past but can help predict the future. Advancement of these theories may help predict earthquakes in plenty of time to spare millions of lives and can help us predict the topography of the future.